![]() After controlling for confounding factors such as socioeconomic status, alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease, the rates of visually significant ARMD in smokers and non-smokers over the age of 75 were calculated in an United Kingdom population-based cross sectional study. Cigarette SmokingĪ ten pack-year tobacco smoking history is associated with increased development of exudative age-related macular degeneration. The risk increases more than three-fold in patients older than 75 years of age compared to the group of patients between 65-74 years of age (Beaver Dam Eye Study Framingham Eye Study). Risk Factors AgeĪRMD risk increases with age. The prevalence of age-related macular degeneration sharply increases in those 75 years or older. Similar prevalence data was noted in the Framingham Eye Study, which reported a prevalence of exudative ARMD in those older than 52 years of age of 1.5%. This population represented 4,926 people between the ages of 43 to 86 years of age. The prevalence of advanced ARMD in the Beaver Dam Eye Study was 1.6%, with the exudative form being present in one eye 1.2% of the time, and geographic atrophy in one eye 0.6% of the time. Treatments targeting intermediate disease mechanisms or initiating disease factors are in the minority, but may offer a more successful approach to vision preservation than those targeting relatively later steps in ARMD pathophysiology (i.e., choroidal neovascularization). The degenerating retina succumbs to the final end point of geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization and pigment epithelial detachment. A change in one of these tissue components is thought to impart an influence on the others in such a way that an 'intermediate disease mechanism” arises. The initiating events affect one, both, or all of these tissue components. EtiologyĪ combination of risk factors interplay to modify the Bruch's membrane/choroid complex, the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The annual loss of GDP due to neovascular ARMD in one study was calculated to be $5.396 billion, and $24.395 billion for non-neovascular ARMD. Indirect costs include lost productivity and workplace costs. Measurement of these costs are more difficult and less pervasive in the literature. Direct non-ophthalmologic costs include special services and equipment such as rehabilitation services, low vision aids and transportation services. Direct ophthalmologic costs include the cost of treatments ( AREDS, intravitreal injections, laser treatment, diagnostic imaging, etc.). The costs of ARMD to society and the patient have been divided into direct costs (direct ophthalmologic cost and direct non-ophthalmogic cost) and indirect costs. ġ24 micron is the average diameter of retinal vein at the optic disc margin. Intermediate ARMD: Macular disease characterized by either extensive drusen of small or intermediate size, or any drusen of large size (≥125 microns).Note: Small drusen are frequently seen in those 50 and older, and can represent an epiphenomenon of aging (therefore, intermediate drusen are more specific for ARMD). Early ARMD: Defined by the presence of numerous small (Choroidal neovascularization and choroidal neovascular membranes.Exudative, wet, or neovascular ARMD (synonyms).Nonexudative, dry, or non-neovascular ARMD (synonyms).Age-related Macular degeneration (ARMD).The word druse (singular) is derived from the German word for potato stone or geode. ![]() The hallmark of age-related macular degeneration is the presence of drusen within the macula. ![]() H35.32 Exudative age-related macular degenerationĭrusen and disciform lesions have been observed in conjunction for well over 100 years.H35.31 Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. ![]() 362.52 Exudative age-related macular degeneration.362.51 Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 3.1.2.5 Anti-VEGF and Anti-Ang2 treatment.3.1.2.2 verteporfin Photodynamic therapy/vPDT.3.1.2.1 Macular Photocoagulation Studies.3.1.1.1 Antioxidant and mineral supplementation.2.6.1 Fundus Fluorescein Angiography/FFA.1.6.1 Genetic and Biochemical Pathways in ARMD (see ).1.5.5 Subretinal or sub-RPE neovascularization. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |